social science writing question
1. Identity and apply criminological theories that best explians the topic being investigated .2. be sure to go depth on ypur topic. 3. read related sources and use chicago style for citation .4. Minimum 8-pages (2000 words) , 1″ margins, 1.5 spaced in 14 pt type (Times New Roman). 5. Divide your paper into: 1-title page; 2-Introduction; 3-Related criminal law principles; 4- Related criminological theories & factors; 5- Conclusion; 6-References list.
Requirements: 2000 words
CRIMINOLOGYKhalid AL-Shaaibik.alshuaibi@squ.edu.om1Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi
Thisintroductorysessionprovidesanoverviewon:1.Course Aims & Objectives2.Course Learning Outcomes3.Course Materials & References4.Assessment5.Course ContentDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 2
1. Course Main Objectives:DefineCriminology&CriminalJusticeDiscusstherudimentsofcriminalexplanationsDiscussreasonswhysomepeoplecommitcrimesOutlineandcomparefactorsthatcausescrimesUnderstandtreatmentofoffenders,prevention&controlofcrimesDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 3
2. Course Learning Outcomes:Onsuccessfulcompletionofthecoursethestudentshouldbeableto:UnderstandCriminology,itsdimensions&CriminalJusticesystemDiscussCrimeasasocietalphenomenonDemonstratethetheoreticalexplanationsofcrimesEvaluatethefactorsandmeasurementsofcrimesCritiqueapproachestocrimesprevention,treatmentofoffenders&victimsDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 4
3. Course Materials & References:Initial Reading ListNewburn,T.(2017).Criminology(Third).RoutledgeBrown,S.E.,Esbensen,F.-A.,&Geis,G.(2015).Criminology:explainingcrimeanditscontext(8thed.).RoutledgeMcLaughlin,E.,Muncie,J.,&Muncie,J.(2006).Thesagedictionaryofcriminology(2nded.).SAGE.EI-Dakkak,M.(2014).Criminology&Penology.JudicialDepartment-AbuDhabi+CoursePPTDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 5
4. Assessment:MarksTimeAssessments 5%Week 1-16Attendance & Participation10%Week 4Quiz 1 20%Week 8Midterm Exam15%Week 12Group Assignment & Presentation 50%Week 16Final Examination100%Week 17TotalDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 6
5. Course Content:Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi7Criminology:General IntroductionThe Concept of CrimeCriminology School of Thoughts Determining Factors of CriminalityPunishment, prevention & crimes control Reasons for Studying CriminologyDefinitions of CriminologyCriminology as an Interdisciplinary Field An Overview of Crimes & Criminals in OmanDefinitions of CrimeNatural & Legal CrimesCrime TriangleClassification of CrimesBiological Theories Psychological TheoriesSociological TheoriesCritical TheoriesInternal Factors of CriminalityExternal Factors of CriminalityPurpose of PunishmentCrime Prevention and Control Analysis of Crimes in OmanCriminal Justice System in OmanAn Overview of Criminal Omani Justice SystemDefinition Of Criminal Justice SystemPillars of Criminal Justice SystemInheritance, Gender, Age, Level of Intelligence, Diseases, Alcohol & drug addictionNatural, Social, Economic, CulturalDynamic Nature of Crime
Definition Of CriminologyWhatisCriminology?Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 8
Criminologyasasocialscience,hasmanydefinitions:Criminologyisbestseenasasocialscienceconcernedwiththoseaspectsofhumanbehaviourregardedascriminalbecausetheyareprohibitedbythecriminallaw,togetherwithsuchaspectsofsociallydeviantbehaviourasarecloselyrelatedtocrimeandmayusefullybestudiedinthisconnectionHallWilliamsThestudyofthesocialoriginsofcriminallaw,theadministrationofcriminaljustice,thecausesofcriminalbehaviorandthepreventionandcontrolofcrimeSykesCriminology is the study of crime and criminal behaviourDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 9
Note:thismeaningofcriminologyshouldnotbeconfusedwiththescienceofCriminalDetectionorForensicScienceorPolicingDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 10Criminologywho, what, where, when, how and why crimes are committedCriminal Detection or Forensic Science who did it, and providing proof of guilt
Criminology is an InterdisciplinaryField of Study CriminologyCriminal explanationsmotivating factors for criminalityControlling crimeReasons for criminalityDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 11CriminologyLawSociologyMedicinePsychologyPolitical scienceHistoryChemistryBiologyGeographyEconomy
Reasons for Studying CriminologyTheimportanceofCriminologystemsfromitsabilityto:1.Understandthemindsetofcriminals2.Discoverandanalysethecausesofcrimes3.Showhumanitythewaytocombatandpreventcrime4.Formulatepoliciesandinitiativestowardcrimereduction5.ProvidestabilitytothesocietyDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 12
An Overview of Crimes & Criminals in OmanGenderNumber of CriminalsNumber of CrimesYear89.8%30.06923.831202089.5%34.87328.201202189.1%40.11332.2772022Increase 15%Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 13Top CrimesDrug crimesTraffic crimesFraudTheft & blackmailIT crimesCrimes against freedom & dignityCheck crimesWhat reasons and factors behind this high crime rate??
Groups DiscussionFrom your point of view, should beggingbe a crime?Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 14
Criminal Justice System in OmanDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 15Oman Is a State of Lawand InstitutionsThe Omani Legal SystemPersonal status LegislationsCommercial LegislationsCriminalLegislationsCriminal Code 2018Supplementary Criminal LegislationsCriminal Procedures Code 1999Civil Transactions LegislationsCombatingDrugs&PsychotropicSubstancesActCombatingInformationTechnologyCrimesActCombatingHumanTraffickingAct?
Definition Of Criminal Justice SystemDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 16Criminal Justice is the processthrough which the stateresponds to behaviourthat it deems criminalCriminalJusticeSystem(CJS)isthenetworkofgovernmentinstitutionsintendedtomanageconvictedcriminalsThecriminaljusticesystemiscomprisedofmultipleinterrelatedpillars,consistingofPolice,ForensicServices,Prosecution,DefenseLawyers,CourtsandPrisonsSystem
Pillars of Criminal Justice System(CJS) Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi17a crime is committedPolice investigationslaw enforcement1Forensic ServicesPublic ProsecutionDefense LawyersCriminal Courts trial, appealPrisons, punishment, corrections23456Goals of (CJS) include: -preventing other crimes -rehabilitation of offenders -moral support for victimsaccused Suspectcharged withconvictedGuiltyoffender prisoner Criminology:viaevaluationofcrimes&criminals,proposesnewmethodsofthinkinginhowtoeffectivelydealwithcrimes
The Concept of CrimeDefiningcriminologyasthescientificstudyofcrime?leavesunansweredquestionofwhatisCRIME?When an ACTis considered a Crime?What does CRIMEmean?Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 18
Definitions of CrimeTheLegalMeaningofCrime:-Crimeisanintentionalactoromissioninviolationofthecriminallaw,committedwithoutdefenseorexcuse,andpenalizedbythestateasafelonyormisdemeanor.-Thisrestrictivedefinitionreducesthesubjectmatterofcriminologytoasubsetofactionsproscribedbycriminallaw,andonlythosebehaviorssuccessfullyprosecutedbythecriminaljusticesystem.-Itexcludesbehaviorthatisnotcriminalized,detected,orreportedtopoliceandsuccessfullyprosecuted.Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 19TheSocial Meaning of Crime:-Crimeisaparticularformofdeviance-Deviancerelatestotheviolationsoffolkwaysandmores(sin,immorality)-Thebasisfordeeminganactasacrimeornotisnotthelegislativetextalone,butalsotheprinciplesofethics&socialvalues.Which definition is more appropriate for criminology?
Legalv. SocialMeaning of Crime-Determiningthemeaningofcrimeincriminologyshouldbedoneinlightofthegoalsthatthisscienceseekstoachieve(interpretingthecriminalphenomenonandidentifyingthefactorsleadingtoit).-Crimeincriminologyhasaspecialself-implication,asahumanbehaviorthatexpressesanindividualandsocialreality.-Thisdoesnotmeanrejectingtheformalorlegalconceptofcrime,butcrimeasalegalfactremainsimportantasastartingpointforcriminalstudies,evenifthosestudiesthenextendtosomeothersocialphenomenathatdonotapplytothatlegaldescription.Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 20Legal Meaning of Crimeunlawful behaviourAnti-State ActionSocial Meaning of Crimeimmoral behaviourAnti-Social Action
Natural Crimes & Legal CrimesNaturalCrimes:-Crіmеsthаtаrееvіlіnthеmsеlvеs,andаgаіnstthеbаsісmоrаlsоfаllехіstіngsосіеtіеs.-Theyvіоlаtеthеrіghtstоlіfе,dіgnіtуаnd?rо?еrtуwhісhаrеаtthесоrеоfіndіvіduаlехіstеnсе.-Ехаm?lеs:murdеr,rа?е,аssаult,thеft,rоbbеrуоrkіdnа??іng.Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 21Legal Crimes:-Crіmеsthаtаrеwrоngоnlуbесаusеthеуаrеdесlаrеdsuсhbуlаw.-Whаtіsсоnsіdеrеdаlеgаlсrіmеіnоnесоuntrуmауnоtbесоnsіdеrеdsuсhbуаnоthеr.-Ехаm?lеs:tахеvаsіоn,mоnеуlаundеrіng,checkcrimes.
Crime TriangleDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 22CrimeCrime must have 3elements to be completeVictimTarget Desire + Ability -Methods of attack -Familiarity with area -Characteristics -Street corner-Parking area-City park-Dark places Individuals, property, vehicle, businesses, stores, banks?Authoritiescanbreakupthecrimetrianglebynotgivingthecriminaltheopportunity(CrimePreventionTriangle)
Classifications of Crimes?Allcrimesarenotsimilar.?Therearemanytypesofdifferentcrimes.?Insomecrimes,onlyoneindividualisinvolvedandinsomeothercrimestherearemanypersonswhoareorganizedforthepurposeofcrime.?Therearesuchbandsofcriminalsworkingatthenationallevelandeventherearebandsofcriminalswhosefieldofcrimeisinternational.?Itisnotonlythemalestobecriminalsbuttherearefemalesandchildrenalsoincriminalacts.?Thus,inordertoclassifycrimewehavetoconsidertheseriousnessofcrimes,thepersonalityofthecriminal,hispurposeandthetypeofhiscrime.Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 23
Crimes are classified in many different waysDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 24?Classificationofcrimesaccordingtothelevelofseriousness:The US Classification of crimes Crimespunishablebymorethan1year,orbyafineofmorethan1,000,orboth,orbydeathFelonies:Top seriousCrimespunishablebylessthan1yearorbyfine,orbothMisdemeanors:Less seriousCrimespunishablebyfineonlyInfractions:MinorThe Omani Classification of crimes Crimespunishablebydeath,orlifeimprisonment,or3to15yearsFelonies:Top seriousCrimespunishablebynolessthan10daysandnotexceeding3years,orbyafinenolessthan100andnotexceeding1,000,orbothMisdemeanors:Less seriousCrimespunishablebynomorethan10days,orbyafinenolessthan10andnotexceeding100,orbothInfractions:MinorPenal Code 7/2018: Article 22-26What differences between the two systems?In which Omani law classification of crimes can be found?
?Classificationofcrimesaccordingtotheirpurposeorobjective:1-Violentcrimes(againstpersons):murder,assaultorbattery?2-Monetarycrimes(againstproperty):Theft,fraud,forgery?3-Sexualcrimes:Rapes,sexualassault?4-Politicalcrimes:Espionage,treason?Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 25
The Dynamic Nature of Crime?Crimesarerelativetolaws,time,place.?Crimesvariesfromsocietytosociety,fromstatetostate,andfromstrictenforcementtonone.?Whatconstitutesacrimeinonesocietymaynotnecessarilybeacrimeinanothersociety.Thisisasaresultof(Culturalvariability).?Whatisalawfulbehaviourinthepastmayconstituteacriminalbehaviourtoday,duetochangingsocial,economicandpoliticalfactors.-Example:slavery,begging,huntingwildanimals,diggingwell,carryingaweapon??Similarly,whatwascriminalbehaviourinthepastmaybeviewedasalawfulbehaviourtoday.-Example:cannabisuse,criticisinggovernments?Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 26
Top 10 Future CrimesINTERPOL2022Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 27
Global Organized Crime Index2021Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 28
Criminology School of Thoughts -Asmentionedearlier,Criminologyisconcernedwiththedescriptionandinterpretationofthecriminalphenomenon.-CriminologyhasalonghistorywhichgoesbacktotheperiodofGreekphilosopherssuchasPlatoandAristotle.-Currently,researchersincriminologyarestilltryingtoexplaincriminalbehavior,andidentifythecausesandfactorsleadingtoit.-However,thereisnoagreementamongthemonageneraltheoryofcriminalityDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 29Biological Theories Psychological TheoriesSociological TheoriesCritical Theorieslink criminal behavior to physical appearance of individualscriminality is caused by psychological ills & deficienciescriminal behavior is a product of surrounding social conditionscrime is interaction between different factors
1-Biological TheoriesDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 30Criminalshavespecificphysicalfeatures-Wholookslikeacriminaltoyou??AccordingtoLambroso(anItaliansurgeon):-Peoplewhoengageincriminalbehaviorarethrowbacksborncriminals”-Criminalscouldbedistinguishedfromnon-criminalsbyavarietyofphysicalstigmatawhichrelatestothefirsthumanbeing-Visibleindicatorsofcriminalityinclude:largerskull,shiftyeyes,largejaws&cheekbones,flattenednose,largeorsmallears?-Thementalityofaprimitiveman(aggressive,arrogance,recklessness)willinevitablybecontrarytotherulesofmoderncivilizedsociety-Lambroso’stheoryreflectsDarwinianscaleofhumanevolution
Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 31-Thebiologicalcriminologyfurthermaintainedthat:-Atall,skinnypersontendstocommitmurders-Ashort,skinnypersontendstocommittheft-Ashort,thickpersontendstocommitassault,aggressionandsexualcrimes??Evaluationofbiologicalcriminology?Thebiologicalcriminologywascriticizedforseveralreasons:1-Lombroso’sexperimentalstudieswereconfinedtoagroupofcriminalswithoutexaminingasimilarnumberofnon-criminals2-Suchphysicalindicatorsmayexistamongnon-criminals3-Lombrosoneglectedsocialfactorswhichmaydriveapersontocrime,andcontributesignificantlytotheformationofthecriminal’spersonality
Biological & Psychological Lack of AdaptationDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 32-Normalpeoplehavetheabilityandflexibilitytochangeoradaptorrespondtochangesthatoccurinsociety(copingskills,stability)-Criminalsunabletoadaptsocialchanges=criminalbehaviorcausedbyinabilitytosociallyadaptvarioussituations)SourcesofSocialNon-Adaptation:1-BiologicalLackofAdaptationThephysicallackofadaptationintheindividualtakesmanyforms:geneticdefectsassociatedwithfunctionaldisorders,hearingorvisionloss,distortedspeechandmuscletwitching,chronicdiseases,lossofabodypart(physicalspots)Such situations often lead toserious effects on the individual’s social lifeno job and earning opportunitiessearch for illegal means of living
2-PsychologicalLackofAdaptationDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 33Nosymptoms:psychologicalimbalance,badmood,emotionalimbalance,excessivesensitivity,extremetension?Symptoms:madnessofdelusionalbeliefs,excessivelyproud,excessivegenius,jealousy,hatredandenvy?-Suchcasesweakentheindividual’sabilitytoself-control,sothatheispushedtocommitmanyformsofbehavior,includingcrimeNon-Adaptations=preparetheopportunityfortheindividualtocommitthecrime??Evaluationofbiologicalcriminology?-Itconsidersthebiological&psychologicallackofadaptationoversocialfactors(secondary/inessential)-Notsufficientaloneasageneralexplanation&basisforthecriminalphenomenon,whichrequirescombinationfactors
2-Psychological TheoriesDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 34-Accordingtothepsychologicalexplanationofcrime,crimeismoreofaresultoflifeexperiencesandthinkingpatternsthanbiologicalreasons-Personalityofindividualsisnotaffectedbyphysicalformation,butratherisgreatlyshapedbypsychologicalfactorsthatareformedduringtheearlychildhoodstage&familyrelationsChildhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality-Theseearlyincidentsremainattachedtoindividualspersonality,theirrootsremainfixedintheiremotionallife,andasubconsciousmotivefortheirbehaviorandactionsinthefuture-Crimeisaresultoffailuresinpsychologicaldevelopment,learnedbehavioursofaggressionorviolence,inherentpersonalitytraitsCriminality related to disturbed personality
Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 35-Howlikelyisitthattoday?sabusedandneglectedchildrenwillbecometomorrow?sviolentoffenders?-Studiesshowedthatbeingabusedorneglectedasachildincreases the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 59%arrest as an adult by 28%arrest for a violent crime by 30%Childhood victimization can lead to disturbed personality & antisocial behaviorCriminals are Morally Insane, don?t know right from wrong
Description of the Human Psychological SystemDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 36-Psychologistsassumethatmuchofmentallifeisunconscious=pastexperiences,especiallyinearlychildhood,shapehowapersonfeels&behavesthroughoutlife(personality)-Personalityiscomposedofthreeelements:ID+EGO+SUPEREGOEGO(conscious)representsReality&modifiedinstinctivedesiresthattakeintoaccountthesocialconditionsIguessI’llhavetowaituntilIhavethemoneytobuythatcarID(unconscious)containsallInstincts,desires,sexualdrives&storedmemories,withoutgivingweighttomoralvaluesI want that car now, no matter what!SUPEREGO reflects values/ethicslearned from parents & society (voice of morals). It contains a vast number of codes, or prohibitions (Don’t)It?s wrong to stealA criminal is a person whose superego is weakened or absent
Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 37The Guilt Complex -Itreferstopersistentandchronicfeelingsofguiltandbeliefofshame(have done something wrong or will do something wrong)-Thiscomplexoftenarisesduringchildhoodasaresultofcorruptedupbringingthatinheritsfearandanxiety-Inflatedsuperego(extremelyhardonthemselves,self-critical)-Causesapersontocommitteecrimesasarelief(deservespunishment)??EvaluationofPsychologicalcriminology?-Ambiguousandverycomplex,soitisdifficulttoapplyitinpractice.-Psychologicalillnesses,cannotbeconsideredtheonlyfactorforcriminalbehavior.
3-Sociological TheoriesDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 38-Sociologistsrejectedtheideaoftheborncriminal(biologicalTheory)-Theyevenassumethatthe(personalpsychological)factorofcrimeisduetothesocialconditions,whichsurroundedthelifeofthecriminal-Accordingtothem,acriminal?sbehaviourisdeterminedbytheirsocialenvironment,whichincludesfamilies,friends,neighbourhood…-Thus,thesocialfactoristheonlyoriginofcrimecrimeisadefiniteresultofthesocialfactoralone-Manislikerawmaterialthatisshapedbyhislifesincehisbirth,andthathisdelinquencycomesaboutduetothecorruptedenvironmentinwhichhewasbornandgrew=[criminalisproducedbythesocietyitself]criminal behavioursare learntfrom social conditions & certain social groups Street crimes= result of learningexperience & poverty
Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 39Cultural Conflict & Cultural Deviance -Socialdisintegrationplaysanimportantroleinthegrowthofthecriminalphenomenon-CulturalConflict=aclashinideas,values&beliefsbetweentwoormoreculturalgroupslivingwithinthesamesociety-Differentsocialgroupshavedifferentculturalviewsofwhatisacceptablebehaviorthisconflictcanpossiblyleadtoviolence&criminalactivities-UrbanVillages:individualsliveinharmonyaccordingtotheirtraditionsandcustoms,sharesimilardemands&goals(membersfeelsafe&secure)-MajorCities:individualslackharmony,havedifferentconditions&desires,belongtovariousgroups(family,fun,work,religion,tourism?)-Eachofthesegroupshasvaluesthatmayconflictwithothersmayleadtocommittingvariouscriminalbehaviorsasaresponsetotheinfluenceofoneofthesegroups,especiallyifthisgrouppermitscriminalbehavior-Exampleofcultureconflicts:Honorkillings(acrimeisrootedinthefemalefamilymembersbringingshametoherfamilyduetosexualbehaviour)??EvaluationofSociologicalcriminology?-Hasbeencriticizedorbeingracist-Overemphasisonsocialenvironments
Criminological Case StudyDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 40khamis,21yearsold,ashortthickperson,withheavyblackhairHasmovedfromMusandamtoMuscat,5yearsagoLowerincomefamilywithuneducatedparents,3brothers&2sistersSuffersbadmood&hasviolencerecordsGraduatedfromhighschoolwithlowgradeUnemployedfor2yearsChargedwithdrugabuse,robbery,assaultJailedfor3years&1monthcommunityserviceWhataretheexpectedcauses/reasonsbehindhiscriminalbehaviour?
4-Critical TheoriesDr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 41-Thecriticalcriminologyarguedagainstthebiological,psychological,andsociologicaltheorieswhichtookonlyasingleperspective,whileneglectingotheraspects.-Criticalcriminologyholdsnewdirection&arguesthatoptimalexplanationsofcrimecanbederivedfromcombinationsoftwoormoretheoreticalperspectivesratherthanbyexclusiveuseofasingleone-Theintegrationperspective=CrimeisasocialphenomenonandatthesametimeitisamanifestationofindividualbehaviorBiological & psychologicaltheoriesattributedcriminalbehaviortointernalfactorsrelatedtoindividualsthemselves&ignoredroleofexternalfactorsrelatedtothesocialenvironmentSociological theories emphasizedontheimportanceofsocialfactorsinpushingindividualsintothecriminalbehavior&completelyignoredtheroleofinternalfactors
Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 42The Integration Perspective-Criminalbehaviorisacomplexphenomenonthatisnotformedexceptbythecombinationofthreegroupsoffactors:1-PersonalFactors:representthecriminal?sbiological&psychologicalconstruction(gender,age,civil&professionalstatus,socialclass,education)2-EnvironmentalFactors:representthegeographicalenvironment(location,topography,nature&distributionofsoil,climate&differentseasons)3-SocialFactors:representthe(populationdensity,publicopiniontrends,customs&traditions,familylife,prevailingpolitical&economicsystem)-Theinfluenceofthesecriminalfactorsinpushingtheindividualtocommitthecrimearenotequalandcandifferfromonecriminaltoanother-Therearecaseswherepersonalfactorsdominateoverenvironmentalfactors,andthereareothercaseswhensocialfactorsdominateoverpersonalfactors
Dr. Khalid AL-Shaaibi 43Five-Fold Classification of Criminals 1-BornCriminals:thosewhohavebiological&psychologicalindicatorspushthemtothecriminalbehavior2-InsaneCriminals:thosewhohavepsychologicalimbalance,emotionalinstability,senseofguilt,psychopathicpersonality3-HabitualCriminals:thosewhoareprofessional&familiarincommittingcrimesrepeatedly,soitbecomepartoftheirliving4-OccasionalCriminals:thosewholendintocriminalitybyaccident&duetoseverepressureofsocialconditions(poverty,unemploymentoranger)5-PassionateCriminals:thosewhoactunderthepressureofemotions,excessivesensitivity,loveorhatredwhichpushthemtocommitacrime
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